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- <text id=89TT0272>
- <title>
- Jan. 30, 1989: To Conquer Fear Of Counting
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- Jan. 30, 1989 The Bush Era Begins
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- EDUCATION, Page 66
- To Conquer Fear of Counting
- </hdr><body>
- <p>A new book shows how widely math is misunderstood
- </p>
- <p>By Stefan Kanfer
- </p>
- <p> The fight against illiteracy has become such a crusade in
- the U.S. that another enemy seems to have slipped past the
- ramparts while everyone has been learning to read. Bruce R.
- Vogeli, chairman of the department of mathematics and science
- education at Columbia University Teachers College, calls this
- foe the "major untouched educational issue of the decade."
- Science writer Martin Gardner (The Relativity Explosion) finds
- it a "problem that is getting worse and worse." Its name:
- innumeracy, or the inability to understand numbers and their
- meaning.
- </p>
- <p> Now John Allen Paulos, professor of mathematics at Temple
- University, has written a book about mathematical illiteracy.
- Titled Innumeracy (Hill & Wang; $16.95), it seeks to explain why
- so many people are numerically inept and shows how they can
- learn to work and play with figures. Paulos, 43, has no
- patience with mathematical dumbos who almost boastfully claim,
- "I can't even balance my checkbook," or "I'm a people person,
- not a numbers person." "I'm pained," he says, "at the belief
- that mathematics is an esoteric discipline with little relation
- or connection to the `real' world."
- </p>
- <p> Paulos swiftly explodes that notion by discussing
- stock-market scams, batting averages, newspaper psychics,
- fraudulent medical treatments, election polls and the reasons
- why blackjack is a better gambler's game than dice. Those who
- break into a sweat at the mention of calculus or plane geometry
- can relax. This elegant little survival manual is brief, witty
- and full of practical applications. Best of all, it has no quiz
- at the end, and as Paulos generously admits, the "occasional
- difficult passage can be ignored with impunity."
- </p>
- <p> Using easy-to-follow formulas, the author demonstrates that
- the chance of falling victim to terrorists is less than 1 in 1.5
- million (compared with, for example, 1 chance in 68,000 of
- choking to death or 1 in only 5,300 of dying in a car crash),
- that the number of possible five-card poker hands is 2,598,960
- and that the size of a human cell is to that of a person as
- that of a person is to the size of Rhode Island. Paulos also
- notes that 367 people have to be gathered to ensure that two of
- them share the same birthday. How many must be in a group to
- guarantee a fifty-fifty chance that two have a birthday in
- common? "The surprising answer," he says, "is that there need be
- only 23." Doubters can find the proof in a section called
- "Probability and Coincidence."
- </p>
- <p> Other entertaining and illuminating chapters include
- "Examples and Principles," in which Paulos shows why the giant
- Gargantua would be a physical impossibility; "Pseudo-science," a
- saline, agnostic examination of parapsychology and astrology;
- and "Statistics, Trade-Offs and Society," in which some
- astonishing questions arise. Among them: What percentage of
- college women enjoy watching the Three Stooges? (According to
- his personal survey, 8%.)
- </p>
- <p> Another question: Why are so many people innumerate? Adults
- who fumble with numbers have been "intimidated by officious and
- sometimes sexist teachers," says Paulos, himself a victim of
- inept instruction. "They feel that there are mathematical minds
- and nonmathematical minds." The result of that misconception is a
- "gap that threatens eventually to lead either to unfounded and
- crippling anxieties or to impossible and economically
- paralyzing demands for risk-free guarantees."
- </p>
- <p> Gardner, an author of books and essays on math, also puts
- much of the blame on teachers -- particularly at the elementary
- level, where many classrooms are run by people with little or no
- math training. "When a class is taught by a teacher not
- interested in the subject," he notes, "then the class is bored
- also." Another setback for numbers proficiency, Gardner argues,
- was infatuation with the new math that emerged during the 1950s.
- Says he: "Youngsters were learning all kinds of advanced things,
- but not basic math."
- </p>
- <p> Still, America's number may not be up. According to Vogeli,
- curriculum materials that emphasize practical application have
- been emerging. "Change is on the way," he says. "Books like
- Innumeracy and Allan Bloom's The Closing of the American Mind
- articulate dissatisfactions present and already known to the
- teaching community." By so doing, they may greatly reduce the
- odds that Americans will continue to wallow in innumeracy.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
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